Author: Michele Ainley

  • An Eighteenth-Century List of Irish Saints, A-E

    Below is a list of Irish saints whose written Lives have survived, taken from a 1776 work by a former Anglican Bishop of Carlisle.  The list includes the four female saints who come into this category, Saints Brigid, Ite, Moninna and Samthann. Altogether the author records notices of 55 saints. I have divided the list up into three parts, modernized the spelling in most cases and omitted some of the longer Latin passages.


    Abban, Abbot, he lived at the same time with St. Brendan. One of the MS. copies of his life says, that he was born in Ultonia, quae est quinta pars Hiberniae. This wants the beginning; but another more complete seems to be in the Bodleyan library, under the name of Abdon. See Ibar.

    Aed, founder of the monastery of Enach Midbrinin in the county of Muscraytire in the province of Munster; but afterwards made bishop of Meath, his native country. The writer of his life says, he died before St. Columb; and Sir James Ware more particularly acquaints us, that his death happened on the tenth of November, 589.

    Albe, he, as well as Declan and Ibarus, was forerunner to St. Patrick; and the monastery of Chell-Ruaid in the county of Dalaraid, where he was born, was built by Colman according to his directions. His life begins, Albeus, episcopus virorum Memoniensium.. In this we are told that he was much beloved by St Patrick; who joined with Aengus, King of Munster, in making him Archbishop of Cashel; he was indeed the first  Bishop of Emly, and died September the twelfth, A.D. 527.

    Bar or Finbar, he was first Bishop of Cork: lived about the latter end of the sixth century, and his festival is kept on the twenty-seventh of September; his life begins Sanctus Dei Electus.

    Benigne, his life is in J. Tinmouth’s Sanctilogium, he was scholar and immediate successor at Armagh to St Patrick; and died November the ninth, 468.

    Berach, Abbot, lived in 630, his life begins Inter caetera quae Dei potentia.

    Brendan, native of Kerry, died at Clonfert, May the sixteenth, 577. Among the many different MS. copies of his life, besides that in Tinmouth, that has frequently appeared in print, there is one belonging to the friars minorites at Kilkenny, written in the year 1340. And another more ancient in the Abbey of St. Mary’s at York, which is now in the Cotton Library, where we have likewise one in old French metre. A third in old English verse, is in the Bodleyan. Multitudes more there are in the public and private libraries of both kingdoms …

    Bridget, she was born at Fochard in the county of Louth, lived in her own nunnery at Kildare or Cella Quercus and died on the first of February 523. Her life was first written by Cogitosus, supposed by some to have been her nephew; who, Bishop Usher thinks, was certainly mistaken in burying her at Kildare… Her miracles were collected in an alphabetical volume by Ultan Mac Concubar Bishop of Ardbraccan in Meath; who died September the fourth, A.D. 606. Aileran the Wise, wrote her life about the year 650, and so did Chaelian, a monk of Iniskeltra, in the diocese of Killaloe. Amongst the many anonymous writers on the same subject, in the libraries of England and Ireland, one begins, Fuit Gloriosus Rex in Hibernia; and another, Erat quidam vir Nobilis Laginensis Genere. In the Cottonian library there is a large volume, in English, of the visions and revelations of St Bridget: But it is to be observed, that this is the Swedish Bridget, who died at Rome, in the year 1373, and was canonized by Pope Boniface the Ninth, in 1391. These revelations of hers were first printed in Latin at Lubech, in the year 1492, and have often since been reprinted at Rome, Nuremberg, Antwerp, &c. Our Irish Bridget’s life, in Latin heroicks, was procured for Archbishop Usher by his friend Stephen White; in the elegiac prologue to which, in proof of Ireland’s being the true old Scotland, is this distich:

    De qua nata fuit quondam Sanctissima Virgo
    Brigida; Scotorum Gloria, Nomen, Honor.

    Carthag, the first Bishop of Lismore died on the fourteenth of May, 637. Archbishop Usher had two MS. copies of his life; in one of which the number of his scholars, in his monastery at Rath in Meath, are said to be 867, in the other 844. One of these begins; Gloriosus Christi miles.

    Catald, he was born in Munster, Bishop of Ratheny, and afterwards of Trent in Italy. His life was written in Latin by two brothers, Bartholomy and Bonaventure Morini; by the former in prose, and by the latter in verse, both published at Rome, A.D. 1614, with a commemoration speech in Italian, of the said Bonaventure’s. And T. Dempster, who will have him to be his own countryman, says that it was also written by an anonymous author; whose manuscript is in the Ambrosian Library. Another there was that, before the restitution of the Officium Romanum, used to be yearly read in the choir of the Cathedral Church at Trent.

    Coemgen. See Keivin.

    Colman, bishop of Dromore. He died, June the seventh, about the beginning, as is supposed, of the seventh century. His life begins, Beatissimus vir Colmanus Drunorensis episcopus, Aradeorum gente fuit criundus.

    Colman Ela, had his name from the woods of Ela, where he kept his common residence. He died, say the Martyrologies, on the twenty-sixth of September, in the year 611, His life begins, Fuit vir quidam. It calls his monastery Land-Elo, now Linalli in the King’s County.

    Columba, senior, abbot of Tirdaglas, died December the thirteenth, 552. His life begins; Sanctus Columba filius Crimthayn dictus, Nobili Lageniensium genere ortus fuit.

    Columba, junior, called by his countrymen Columbcylle, from the many cells or monasteries which he is said to have founded; whence Londonderry is by ancient writers called Derry Columcille. A Book of his virtues and praises was written by his contemporary Brendan, Abbot of Birr, who died A.D. November the twenty-ninth, 572. Whether this be in prose or metre is not said: but we know that St. Congal, another of his contemporaries, founder of the abbey of Bangor, in the Ardes of Ulster, wrote his acts. His life was also written by St. Kynnie or Kenny, who died A.D. 600. Adamnanus’s three books of the life of this saint, the most full and complete of all the rest, are published by Canisius.. ..Adamnanus’s life of Saint Columba seems to have been transcribed by Simeon, a Scot; who was put upon writing the life himself by King Alexander the Second: And perhaps that large volume of the same life in the Irish tongue, said to have been written by Magnus, or Manus, son  of Hugh, O’Donnel of Tyrconnel, may prove only a translation of the same. In the western isles of Scotland, two copies of St. Columb’s life were met with by Mr. Martin; which, he says, were written in the Irish character: The one in the custody of John Mackneal, and the other kept by Mac Donald of Benbecula. Mr. Sacheverel also mentions a book MS book of above three hundred ancient inscriptions at J. Columkill, communicated to the Earl of Argyle in King Charles the Second’s time, which, if still in being, may probably give some light into the history of this saint. Adamanus cites a former life written by Commenius Albus. In the Bodleyan library are the works of Columkill, or St Columbus in verse, containing some account of his own life, his exhortation to princes, and his prophecies: Also the sayings and propheices of Congallus, Mongan, Brenan, and some others. It is an old vellum manuscript, consisting of an hundred and forty pages, in the form of a music-book.

    Columbanus, a native of Leinster, died Abbot of Bobi, near Naples, November the twenty-first, 615. His life, with some of his homilies, is published by Tho. Messingham, in his Florilegium Ins. Sanctorum. It is also written by Jonas, Abbot of Luxnel in Burgundy, who lived in 640, and is himself reckoned an Irishman by Trithemius. This and others of Jonas’s pieces are falsely ascribed to Bede, and published in his works.

    Coeman or Comman, as his life calls him, was born in Ulster, read under St. Finian; who sent him to plant Christianity in Connaught. Here he founded the famous Abbey of Roscommon; once a bishop’s seat, but now annexed to Elphin.

    Congal, the first Abbot of Bangor, died May the tenth, 600. His life begins; Beatus ac Venerabilis Abbas: And it says, that in his monastery of Beanchor in the Ardes of Ulster, and in the cells thereunto belonging, he had 3000 monks…

    Cronan, abbot (sometimes called bishop of Rosscrea, flourished in the year 580, and died (in what year uncertain) April the twenty-eighth. His life begins: Gloriosus Abbas Cronanus. This tells us that he was son of Odran; and that he did abundance of miracles in his monastery of Ross-Cree; which is now in the county of Tipperary; and was given by king Edward the First to Edmond Butler, Earl of Carrick, in the year 1281.

    Cuthbert, consecrated Bishop of Lindisfarn, in the year 684, is said by come to have been born at Kenmuse; by others at Kells, and by others at Kilmancudrick near Dublin. As an Irishman, he had his life written by he had his life written by Matthew O’Heney, Archbishop of Cassels in the year 1200; as also by Malachy O’Mongair, St. Bernard’s great correspondent, who died in the year 1148. Besides these, there are two more in the Cotton library, which bear the same title of Liber de Vita Sancti Cuthberti Lindisfarnensis Episcopi, de Historijs Hibernorum excerptus. And a short abstract, in one folio page, under the title of Libellus de ortu beati Cudberti, ex Historijs Hibernorum decerptus.

    Declan, the first Bishop of Ardmore, died the twenty-fourth of July, the day whereon his festival is still kept; but in what year my author does not inform me: But that he was one of the four bishops, who were fore-runners to St. Patrick, and that he preached the Gospel here in the year 402, Mr. Flaherty is positive. His anonymous life is imperfect in the beginning; but the writer, it appears, lived soon after him. In it he assures us that his saint was born in the county of Breg, in east-Meath.

    Edan, or Moedoch, first Bishop of Fernes, died January the thirty-first, 631. We have two manuscript lives of this saint, whereof the one begins, Fuit quidam vir Nobilis in Regionibus Connactorum. And the other Fuit quidam vir Nobilis in partibus Hiberniae. Archbishop Usher blames John of Tinmouth and Capgrave for miscalling St Lasreamus by the name of Molossus in this saint’s life; whereas the Ulster annals make Laisre and Mouisse several persons, though both of Daiminis. Both these biographers conclude their lives of this saint in the same words: Sanctus iste in Vita S. David Aidanus vocature, in Vita vero sua Aidus dicitur; et apud Meneviam in Ecclesia S. David appellatur Moedock quod est Hibernicum. The learned prelate observes that Edan was metropolitan of Leinster at Fernes; from whence, says he, the dignity seems to have been translated, as it was hither from Slebhty, to Kildare, and thence to Dublin.

    Ende, Abbot of Arran, lived about the year 490. His life begins Mirabilis Deus Omnipotens. The formentioned learned prelate takes notice that this Ende, or Enna Airne, that is, Enna of Aran, as the Irish call him is said in his life, to have been son to Conal Deyre Prince of Oriel in Ulster, and Brig, daughter to a Prince of Conacht.

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  • The List of Irish Parallel Saints

    Another interesting compendium of Irish saints is a list which compares our native saints with those of the universal Church. J. F. Kenney, in his classic study of the sources for the early history of the Irish Church, remarks: 

    One of the conceits of Irish hagiographers was the equation, because of some real or fancied resemblance, of the heroes of their own native sanctilogium with the famous personalities of world Christianity. Some of these comparisons are here gathered into a list.

    The Sources for the Early History of Ireland: Ecclesiastical – An Introduction and Guide (reprinted edition, Dublin, 1979), 484.

    There are two separate versions of this list of parallel saints, one from the 12th-century Book of Leinster and another from a manuscript in the Royal Library of Brussels appended to the Martyrology of Tallaght. In both, Irish saints are likened to saints of the Old and New Testaments and to important saints of the universal church. There is only one female saint on the list, Saint Brigid, and her parallel with the Mother of God is something with which Irish people are very well-acquainted since it is reflected in the popular title of Muire na nGael, the ‘Mary of the Gael’ by which our patroness is known. I doubt that any of the other equations would be quite so familiar to people today.

    I have taken the texts of the lists below from the work of two nineteenth-century Irish Anglican writers. The Brussels Manuscript list is given in Latin, but it is quite straightforward to work out, especially as both versions are so similar. We can start with The Book of Leinster list which has 33 names:

    The following enumeration of native and foreign saints is taken from the Book of Leinster (facsimile), p. 370 c, d. The heading is, “Hic incipiunt sancti qui erant bini unius moris”—” Here begin the pairs of saints who were of one manner of life.”

    John the Baptist = Bishop Ibar

    Peter, Apostle = Patricius

    Paul, Apostle = Finnian of Clonard

    Andrew, Apostle = Colum Cille

    John, Apostle = Ciaran of Clonmacnois

    Philip, Apostle = Cainnech

    Bartholomew, Apostle = Brendan, senior

    Thomas, Apostle = Brendan of Clonfert

    Matthew, Apostle = Colman of Terryglas

    James, Apostle = Comgall of Bangor

    Simon, Apostle = Molaisse of Devenish Island

    Tatheus (Thaddeus), Apostle = Sinchell, jun

    Matthias, Apostle = Ruadan of Lothra

    Maria = Brigita

    Martin = Bishop Erc of Slane

    Paul the Hermit = Coemgen (Kevin) of Glendalough

    Anthony the Monk = Lonngarad

    Ambrose, hymn writer = Mac-ind-eicis,

    Job of the Patience = Munnu, son of Tulchan

    Jerome the Wise = Manchan of Liath,

    Clement, Pope = Kieran of Saigir

    Gregory of the Morals = Cummin the Tall

    Cyprian of Carthage = Mochuda of Lismore

    Laurence the Deacon = Deacon Nessain

    Beda, sage and monk = Buite, son of Bronach

    Hilary, bishop and sage = Bishop Sechnall

    Cornelius, Pope = Moedoc of Ferns

    Silvester, Pope = Bishop Adamnan

    Boniface, Pope = Molaisse of Lethglin

    Paucomius, monk = Gerald, monk

    Pastor, monk = Cammine, monk (of Inis Caltra)

    Benedict, head of the monks of all Europe = Fintan of Clonenagh, head of the monks of all Ireland

    Augustine, bishop of the English = Barre, Bishop of Munster and Connaught.

    There is a similar list prefixed to the Martyrology of Tamlaght, in the Royal Library of Brussels, which gives thirteen apostles—Paul and Matthias being included. The present list has only twelve—one, James, being omitted. In the Brussels manuscript he appears as James, Apostle = Finnian of Moville.

    Thomas Olden, The Church of Ireland, (London, 1892), 425-6.

    The Brussels MS list of 32 names reads as follows:

    Hi sunt sancti qui erant unius moris et vitae, ut dicunt:

    Johannes Baptista, Episcopus Ibair.

    Petrus Apostolus, Patricius.

    Paulus Apostolus, Finnan Cluana-hiraird.

    Andreas A., Colum-cille.

    Jacobus A., Finnian Mhuighe-bile.

    Johannes A., Ciaran Cluana.

    Pilipus A., Cainneac.

    Bartolomeus A., Brendinus senior.

    Tomas A., Brenainn Cluana ferta.

    Matheus A., Colum Tire da glas.

    Jacobus A., Comgall Bennchair.

    Simon A., Molaisi Daimh-insi.

    Tatheus A., Sinchellus junior.

    Mathias A., Ruadhan Lothra.

    María, Brigita.

    Martinus, Caemligin Glinni da lacha.

    Antonius monachus, Feichin Fobbair.

    Augustinus sapiens, Lonngaradh.

    Ambrocius Imnodicus, Mac indecis.

    Job patiens, Munna mac Tulcain.

    Jeronimus sapiens, Manchan Leith.

    Clemens Papa, Ciaran Saighre.

    Grigorius Moralium, Cummini Fota.

    Laurtius [sic] diaconus, Decoin Nesan.

    Beda sapiens, Buite mac Bronaigh.

    Ilarius episcopus et sapiens, Sechnall episcopus.

    Cornelius Papa, Maedog Ferna.

    Silvester Papa, Adamnan episcopus.

    Bonifacius P., Molaisi Lethglinne.

    Paucomius monachus, Caimin Innsi-cealtra.

    Benedictus caput monachorum Europae, . . . Fintan Cluana eidnech, caput monachorum totius Hiberniae.

    Augustinus episcopus Angaloram [sic], . . . Bairre episcopus Mumhain agus Conacht

    J.H. Todd, ed and trans., Leabhar Imuin – The Book of Hymns of the Ancient Church of Ireland, Fasc. 1, (Dublin, 1855), 69-70.

    Todd also adds in a footnote that Saint Patrick is compared to St. Peter in the Hymn of St. Sechnall, line 10, but elsewhere to Moses; see Vit. Trip. lib. i. c. 37. He also explains the reference in both lists to ‘Gregory of the Morals’ as Pope Gregory the Great, author of the Libri Moralium, or Exposition of the Book of Job.There seem to be a few differences between the two lists, for example, Saint Kevin of Glendalough is likened to Paul the Hermit in the first list, but to Saint Martin of Tours in the second. The great eastern founder of monasticism, Saint Anthony is also parallelled by two different saints, Lonngarad in the first and Feichin of Fore in the second. But there is a high degree of correlation between the two lists and it is interesting to see how these Irish saints, some of whose names would not be well-known today in their own country, were viewed as ‘types’ of other famous saints of the universal Church.

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  • The Three Orders of the Saints in the Martyrology of Gorman

    In his introduction to the 12th-century Irish calendar, the Martyrology of Gorman, editor and translator, Whitley Stokes, provided a helpful listing of the Irish saints who appear in the text, laid out according to the three orders of the saints:

    The Irish saints before A.D. 666, the year of the great mortality, are divided by an author who wrote not later than A.D. 750, into three orders. The first was composed of S. Patrick and 350 other bishops, who had the same mass, Easter and tonsure. They were also ministered to by subintroductae, or, as the Irish called them, siair‘quia supra petram Christum fundati, ventum tentationis non timebant.’ This order included Britons, Franks, Scots (i.e. Irish) and ‘Romans,’ i.e., subjects of the Roman empire. It lasted till A.D. 543, or according to the Four Masters, 538. The second order appears to have been founded by the British Church after a more or less complete apostacy of the Irish. It was composed of few bishops and many presbyters, in number 300. They received a mass (liturgy?) from SS. David, Gildas, and Cadoc, but dissented in this respect (diversas missas celebrabant), and had different ‘rules’ or monastic regulations. They shunned the consortia and services of women, and excluded them from their monasteries. This order lasted till 599 or thereabouts. The third order was only a hundred in number, mostly presbyters. They were hermits, living on herbs and water, and despised private property (propria contemnebant). They had different rules, masses, tonsures and Easters. The last eight of them were swept away by the Yellow Plague in the year 666.
    Of the saints celebrated by Gorman, the following (arranged alphabetically) belong to the first of these orders :

    Ailbe, Sep. 12; two Ailills, Jan. 13, July 1; Auxilius or Usaille, Feb. 7; Benen, Nov. 9; Beo-aed, Mar. 8; Bron, June 8; Buite mac Bronaig, Dec. 7; two Cairnechs, March 28, May 16; Cianan, Nov. 24; Conlaed, May 3; Cormac, Feb, 17; Enda of Aran, March 21; Erc, Nov. 2; Fortchern, Oct. 11; Iarlaithe of Armagh, Feb. 11; Ibar, Ap. 23; Laeban, June 1; Lomman of Ath Truim, Oct. 11; Mac caille, Ap. 25; Mac cairthinn, March 24; Mel, Feb. 6; Mocta, March 24, Aug. 19; Sechnall, Nov. 27; Sen-Phatric, Aug. 24 ; Tassach, Ap. 14.

    The following belong to the second order :

    Aed mac Bricc, May 4; one of the Barrfinds ; Becc mac De, Oct. 12 ; mo Bi clarenech (Berchan), Oct. 12; Boethin, June 9; Brenainn of Birr, Nov. 29; Brenainn of Clonfert, May 16; Cainnech, Oct. 11; Cairlan, March 24; Cathub, Ap. 6 ; Ciaran mac in tsair, Sep. 9; Coeman, June 12; Coemgin, June 3; Colman mac Lenin, Nov. 24; Colum cille, June 29; Colum mac Cremthainn, Dec. 13; Comgall, May 10; one of the Commans, May 10; Conandil, March 1; Cormac hua Liathain, June 21; Daig, son of Cairell, Aug. 18; Enda, son of Nuadan, Sep. 18; Fergus, March 30; Findian of Clonard, Dec. 12; Findian of Mag bile, Feb. 11 and Sep. 10; Fintan of Dun Blesci, Jan. 3; Finntan of Clonenagh, Feb. 17; mo Laisse (Lasrian) of Daminis, Sep. 12; Lasren of Mena-drochet, Sep. 16; Mac-nise, June 13; mo Lua of Clonfert, Aug. 4; mo Luoc, June 25; Moenenn, March 1; Natchoime, May 1; Nessan, July 24; Ninnid Laebderc, Jan. 16; Odran, Oct. 26; Senach, Aug. 21; Ruadan, Ap. 15; Sinchell the Elder, March 26; Sinell of Cloen-inis, Nov. 12; Tigernach, Ap. 4.

    To the third order belong : Aedlug, Feb. 26, Aileran, Dec. 29, Beogna, Aug. 2, Berach, Ap. 21, Boethin, June 9, Coeman Brecc, Sep. 14, Coemgen, June 3, mo Choemoc, Mar. 13, Colman mac Duach, Feb. 3, Colman maccu Telduib, Feb. 8, Colman Ela, Sep. 26, Colman Stellain, May 26, Columbanus, Nov. 21, Critan, May 17, Cronan, Nov. 11, Cronan Becc, Jan. 7, Cronan of Mag bile, Aug. 7, mo Chua of Tech mo Chua, Dec. 24, mo Chua of Balla, Mar. 30, Cuanna, Feb. 4, mo Chutu, May 14, Cummine, bishop of Noendruim, July 1, Cummine fota, Nov. 12, Dagan, Sep. 13, Daniel, Feb. 18, Dimma Dub, Jan. 6, Domongin, Ap. 29, Eochaid, Ap. 17, Fechin, Feb. 14, Finan, Jan. 8, Finntain (or Munnu), Oct. 21, Gobban, March 17, Lachtain, March 19, Laidgenn, Jan. 12, Lassren (mo Laisse), Ap. 18, mo Liba, Jan. 8, Liber, March 8, Lomman of Loch Uair, Feb. 7, Maedoc of Ferns, Jan. 31, Mac Lasre, abbot of Bennchor, May 16, Mac Lasre, abbot of Armagh, Sep. 12, mo Lua, Aug. 4, Manchan, Jan. 24, Muirgen, Jan. 27, Nem maccu Birn, June 14, Ossein, May 1, Ronan, Nov. 18, Saran, Jan. 20, Segin, Sep. 10, Senach Garb, Sept. 10, Sillan, abbot of Bennchor, Feb. 28, Sillan, bishop of Daminis, May 17, Sillan of Mag bile, Aug. 25, Srafan, May 23, Suibne, Jan, 11, Tommein, Jan. 10, and Ultan, Sep. 4.



    Whitley Stokes, ed. and trans. The Martyrology of Gorman (London, 1895), xlvii-xlviii.

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