Author: Michele Ainley

  • O'Hanlon's Lives of the Irish Saints

    Starting in January I will begin posting on the lives of individual Irish saints and as a chief source will be using the nine-volume collection, The Lives of the Irish Saints, by the Reverend John O’Hanlon (1821-1905). Since I first began researching the lives of our native holy men and women some years ago, I have become very fond of Canon O’Hanlon and my admiration for what he achieved continues to grow. Below is an obituary to this wonderful Irish priest published as a foreword to one of his historical works not concerned with the Irish saints. In it we can see how Canon O’Hanlon’s life encompassed the great cultural and religious revival of nineteenth-century Ireland, indeed his work is described here as having taken on ‘the character of a national monument’. In truth though, I would have to dissent from the description of his style as ‘lucid and simple’. On the contrary, his Victorian, wordy style can often be impenetrable for a modern reader and the work as a whole suffers from a lack of editing. That said, however, given the size of the task he undertook and the circumstances under which he was working, I can only marvel at the scale of the achievement. After a while, one gets used to his style and I personally enjoy the period charm of his pious homiletics and the travelogues which often accompany the accounts of the saints, particularly those saints about whom not a great deal is known. Scholarship has naturally moved on since the Canon was writing, but as a scholar he is scrupulous about citing his sources and often uses specialized sources which would otherwise be difficult for the general reader to track down. It is sad that only nine complete volumes of The Lives of the Irish Saints were published, a partial volume for October was issued, the rest remain in unpublished manuscript form. A good modern introduction to the way Canon O’Hanlon worked can be found here, but below, we see what one of his contemporaries, Father Thomas J. Shahan of the Catholic University of America, had to say of the man and his work:

    John O’Hanlon was born April 30, 1821, at
    Stradbally, in Queens County, Ireland. He received his early training in local
    and neighboring schools, and was sent at the age of seventeen to Carlow
    College. Four years later his studies were interrupted by the resolution to
    accompany some relatives to the New 
    World. He landed at Quebec in 1842, but after a
    sojourn of some months went on to St. Louis. He soon entered (1843) the
    Ecclesiastical Seminary of that diocese, and was ordained to the priesthood by
    Archbishop Kendrick in 1847. For five or six years he devoted himself to the
    duties of his calling, arduous enough at that period of rapid national growth
    and economic expansion. But failing health turned his thoughts again to the land
    of his fathers, and in 1853 he returned to Dublin, where he was made curate at
    the Church of Saints Michael and John, a post that he occupied until 1880, when
    he was promoted to the parish of Sandymount. In 1885 he was made a Canon of the
    Dublin Cathedral by Archbishop Walsh. In 1897 he celebrated the Golden Jubilee
    of his priesthood. His death occurred on May 15, 1905, at the advanced age of
    eighty-four. He is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.
    Canon O’Hanlon is remembered by his faithful
    flock as a devoted priest, to whom the beauty and glory of the house of God,
    the parish schools and property, the industrial schools of the neighborhood,
    were especially dear. Amid his learned occupations he never neglected the work
    of his sacred ministry, nor the care of the poor, sick and lowly. As an
    Irishman, he was one of the foremost patriotic figures of the nineteenth
    century. He had heard O’Connell, as a boy of fifteen, in 1836, on the Great
    Heath at Maryborough, and was present at the banquet then given at Stradbally
    to the Liberator. He loved to recall the political ballads of that decade
    apropos of Sir Henry Parnell and his “History of the Penal Laws,” and
    the melodious folk-tunes of the pre-famine period, many of which to his great
    regret, he lived to see perish from the popular memory. His love of Moore’s
    Melodies was well-known to all his friends. He was also a great admirer of the
    “Young Ireland” poetry, and at his death was engaged on an edition of
    the fugitive writings of the patriot-poet, John Keegan. He was an active member
    of the committee on the centenary celebration in honor of O’Connell, and as
    secretary of the O’Connell Memorial Committee drew up the valuable report of
    its proceedings from 1862 to 1882. To him is owing in no small measure the splendid
    Dublin monument to O’Connell, the masterpiece of Foley’s art, and one of the
    finest monumental sculptures in Europe. He was also active in the creation of
    memorials to the poets Thomas Moore and Denis Florence McCarthy. His
    earnestness in the work of the Gaelic League is well known, likewise his
    intelligent devotion to the historical monuments of Ireland, the manuscripts,
    records, books, and curious remains that still enshrine no little of the
    glorious past of the beloved island. He was for forty years an active and
    painstaking member of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, to which he had been
    elected on the proposition of such an Irish antiquarian as Bishop Graves.
    Within the limits of his sacred calling he seems to have omitted no endeavor to
    serve his native country as a scholar, a poet, and a man of action.
    The catalogue of Canon O’Hanlon’s literary labors
    is a long one, and covers a period of more than fifty years of incessant study,
    research, and publication. He was a man of adamantine endurance, and though by
    his departure the Church of the United States surely lost a pen of great power,
    the larger world of ecclesiastical learning was proportionately the gainer. It
    may be stated at once that he never ceased to love the great Republic, whose
    institutions and spirit he thoroughly understood and admired, as the work here
    offered to the reader will make clear. Among his published writings is a volume
    of reminiscences entitled, “Life and Scenery in Missouri” (Dublin, 1890).
    In 1897 he crossed the ocean to take part in the Golden Episcopal Jubilee of
    Archbishop Kendrick, who fifty years earlier had raised him to the dignity of
    priesthood. It would seem that Canon O’Hanlon became an historian out of the
    fulness of his conviction that the Christian history of Ireland is one of the
    noblest chapters of all theology. His first work was an “Abridgment of
    Irish History from the Final Subjection of Ireland to the Present Time”
    (Boston, 1849), written with the view, no doubt, of fixing on the mind of the
    young 
    Irish emigrant the great religious lesson of his
    forefathers’ patient endurance and fidelity. It was followed by “The Irish
    Emigrant’s Guide to the United States” (Boston, 1851), long a very popular
    work among the unfortunate Irish wanderers in a new land. During the years of
    his American ministry he contributed frequently to literary magazines and
    newspapers, and was known, before he left us, as an ecclesiastical scholar and
    an antiquarian of promise. It will be admitted that, given the duties of the
    parochial service in the United States and the scarcity of good libraries of
    Irish lore, these first zealous efforts deserve special commendation. He was
    soon, however, to find himself in a centre where opportunity, talent and energy
    might combine to make of him, if not an historical genius, at least one of the
    most useful writers who have yet appeared on the soil of Ireland. Shortly after
    his return he began his career as the hagiologist of Ireland, and at the same
    time complimented his adopted city with a little volume entitled, “A Short
    Life of St. Lawrence O’Toole”(Dublin, 1857). A good judge says of it that
    “it dispelled the cloud of ignorance respecting the life of St. Lawrence,
    which had been created by the wanton misrepresentation of hostile, careless and
    faithless chroniclers, successfully refuted the false views which had been
    propagated by political or religious malevolence and set the character of the
    illustrious subject of his work in a true light before the public.” In a sense
    this judgment is applicable to all the good Canon’s later writings. Two years
    later he brought out a “Life of St. Malachy O’Morgair” (Dublin,
    1859), that had originally been undertaken in the Boston Pilot (1853). Then
    followed at various intervals other lives of famous ancient saints of Ireland:
    St. Dympna (Dublin, 1863); St. Aengus, the Culdee (ibid., 1868); St. David
    (ibid., 1869); St. Grellan (ibid., 1881). One of his most useful books is his
    “Catechism of Irish History from the earliest times to the death of
    O’Connell” (Dublin, 1864).
    This gifted priest was not only an excellent
    historian, but also a graceful poet, who knew how to clothe in pleasing metre
    the thousand and one traditions that everywhere cling to the soil of Ireland.
    In 1870 he published, under the nom de plume of Lageniensis (the man of Leix),
    a volume of poetry entitled, “Legend Lays of Ireland,” in which old
    and familiar fairy legends of his people were treated with much success. In the
    same year he published a prose volume of popular traditions, “Irish Folk-Lore,”
    which embraces “a vast amount of antiquarian and historical information
    connected with various periods of the national annals.” The grave of the
    famous O’Carolan, the last of the Irish harpers, was visited by him in 1881,
    and suggested to him a new volume of verse, “The Buried Lady: A Legend of
    Kilronan.” In 1893 he made a collection of all his metrical writings,
    under the title, “Poetical Works of Lageniensis,” and dedicated the
    same to the Countess of Aberdeen, as a tribute to her genuine love for the
    Irish people. Another volume on “Irish Local Legends” appeared in
    1895, and placed him among the most successful collectors of the rare and
    curious antique lore that has been so long drifting down the ages in Ireland,
    but that is now on the wane, and will perhaps not survive many more
    generations. In the meantime he brought the nation more deeply in his debt by
    new editions of two important works, Monck-Mason’s “Essay on the Antiquity
    and Constitution of Parliaments in Ireland” (Dublin, 1891), and William
    Molyneaux’s “The Case of Ireland’s Being Bound by Acts of Parliament in
    England Stated” (Dublin, 1893). The latter work, originally published in
    1698, had been burned by the common hangman, and only one edition had since
    then seen the light. The tireless pen of this scholarly antiquarian seemed,
    indeed, never to rest. He compiled a “Catechism of Greek Grammar” and
    “Devotions for Confession and Holy Communion,” almost as a rest from
    his many heavier labors. During his last illness he was still busied with a history
    of the antiquities of his native Leix (Queens County), on which, in his
    intervals of leisure, he had spent considerable research. He reminds us,
    indeed, of Saint Columba and Saint Bede, both of whom died almost in the act of
    dictating to their brother scribes. It seems incredible that amid so many
    enterprises he found time to compose the work that is here presented to our readers.
    It will always possess an added interest from the fact that the original text
    perished in the fire that had consumed his publishers’ premises in 1898.
    Nothing daunted, he sat down to the task a second time, rewrote the entire
    work, and published it as a large quarto (Dublin, 1903).
    We have yet, however, to mention the great work
    on which his fame will forever rest, “The Lives of the Irish Saints.”
    As early as 1857 he announced his resolution to compose a series of lives of
    the Saints of Ireland in twelve volumes, following the order of the calendar.
    It was to be for Irish history what Alban Butler’s “Lives of the
    Saints” had long been for general ecclesiastical history, a vast and final
    work of reference and edification. The Jesuit Henry Fitzsimon, the priest
    Thomas Messingham, above all the Franciscans Patrick Fleming, Luke Wadding,
    Hugh Ward and John Colgan, had all toiled variously and with great success, in
    the first half of the seventeenth century, at a great compilation that was
    eventually to be known as the “Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae” or the
    “Lives of the Saints of Ireland.” In the sad and dreary period that
    followed the “thorough” work of Oliver Cromwell the Irish clergy
    found no longer heart or occasion to take up a task so congenial to their
    temper and the character of their nation. It was reserved for the modest and
    laborious curate of Saints Michael and John to bend his shoulders to a work
    that might well challenge the organized efforts of a community of writers. In
    1872 he issued the prospectus of his enterprise, as a subscription work, and
    promised to bring it out monthly in parts of sixty-four pages each, profusely
    illustrated. He kept his promise, and finished the herculean undertaking shortly
    before his death. It includes the lives of about 3,500 saints of Ireland, some
    of them dealt with briefly, but many at very great length. The nine volumes
    before us number over six thousand large octavo pages, and the remaining parts,
    when they issue from the press as volumes, will probably raise this figure to
    eight thousand pages or more. It is a very unique performance in the department
    of hagiology, whether we consider the unbroken ardor of fifty years’ toil, the
    faithful execution of a perilous promise, the uniform excellence of the work,
    or the admitted need and value of a history of Irish sanctity that shall
    correspond to our modern methods and attainments in the province of history.
    That he succeeded in endowing his native land with a monument that any Catholic
    people would forever cherish is allowed by all who are familiar with the field
    of labor, among others by the Bollandists, to whose scholarly company he must henceforth
    be accredited as an associate, at least in learning, faith, spirit, and good
    work. These volumes include the result of infinite research in all the
    departments of Irish history, for the Saints of Ireland, since St. Patrick, are
    its true heroes, its representatives, and the flower of its thought and action.
    In so old a land the identification of place and personal names is no slight
    task. A chief source of information is the collection of ancient maps and
    manuscripts belonging to the Irish Ordnance Survey Department in Dublin. 
    Canon O’Hanlon had an intimate acquaintance with
    all this material; he was likewise master of the contents of the rich public
    libraries of his native city and of other cites, as well as of valuable private
    collections of books on the topography and antiquities of Ireland. In the
    course of his labors he was encouraged and often helped by such scholars as Dr.
    John O’Donovan, Professor Eugene O’Curry, Dr. Todd, and other Irish
    antiquarians of the first rank. The beautiful font of Irish type occasionally
    used in his “Lives of the Irish Saints” was originally designed by Dr.
    Petrie for the Catholic University of Ireland.
    The work of Canon O’Hanlon took on the character
    of a national monument. And as it progressed the learned world in general
    applauded the rare erudition, good judgment and moderation, skilful order and
    sense of proportion, grasp of environment and unflagging regularity of industry
    which he brought to the execution of this imperishable Hall of Fame, in which
    each of the model national worthies has his appropriate niche or pedestal. It
    has been truly said that the future ecclesiastical historian of Ireland — whoever
    he may be — must forever feel indebted to the good priest, whose labors for
    half a century have resulted in placing at his disposal an inexhaustible fund
    of well-digested and reliable information, not only concerning the personal
    history of the Irish Saints, but also about the social, political, literary and
    aesthetic life of Ireland during the period of her native independence and
    brilliancy. Archbishop Walsh, in commending the proposal to erect a suitable
    memorial to the deceased scholar, took occasion to state that in the erudite
    volumes of the “Lives of the Irish Saints,” compiled with zeal and
    diligence in the spare moments of a busy missionary life. Canon O’Hanlon had
    “preserved for the instruction and edification of future generations all
    that has been handed down to us of the lives and labors of the recorded saints
    of our Irish Church.”
    As a writer Canon O’Hanlon was habitually
    painstaking and accurate. His information, when possible, was gathered at first
    hand, and the habit of composition enabled him to set it forth with good order
    and proportion. His style is lucid and simple, a good specimen of the historical
    narrative, and his diction always select and dignified. He seizes with ease on
    the salient and distinctive traits of a personality or a situation, and thereby
    relieves the reader of that vagueness and complexity that sometimes diminishes
    the satisfaction afforded by otherwise good histories. His spirit was ever
    aflame with the love of his native religion and his native land. Yet nothing
    gladdened him more through a long life than the consciousness that he was
    working, not alone for those who dwelt within the “four seas of Ireland,”
    but also for that greater Ireland-over-sea, to whose children and whose
    children’s children he would forever speak as a trustworthy herald of
    long-forgotten ages of glorious endeavor that might otherwise, perhaps, perish
    only too easily from the minds and the hearts of Irishmen in the United States
    of America, Canada, Southern Africa, United States of Australia, India and
    other parts of the world. May he rest in peace! 

  • The Three Kinds of Martyrdom from The Cambrai Homily

    There are three different types of martyrdom catagorized in the text of the seventh- or eighth-century Cambrai Homily:

    Now there are three kinds of martyrdom that are counted as a cross to us, namely, white, blue and red martyrdom.

    The white martyrdom for someone is when they part for the sake of God from everything that they love, although they may suffer fasting and hard work thereby.

    The blue martyrdom is when through fasting and hard work they control their desires or struggle in penance and repentance.

    The red martyrdom is when they endure a cross or destruction for Christ’s sake, as happened to the Apostles when they persecuted the wicked and taught the law of God.

    These three kinds of martyrdom take place in those people who repent well, who control their desires, and who shed their blood in fasting and labour for Christ’s sake.
    Celtic Spirituality, ed. by O. Davis, T. O’Loughlin, Paulist Press, Classics of Western Spirituality series, 1999, p. 370.
    These translators have chosen to follow scholar Clare Stancliffe in translating the second type of martyrdom as ‘blue’ rather than ‘green’ as is more common. Footnote 175 on page 474 is also helpful:

    This motif occurs also in a sermon from the Catechesis Celtica. In her article “Red, White and Blue Martyrdom” in Ireland in Early Medieval Europe, pp 21-46, Clare Stancliffe shows that this theme originates in early monastic texts, such as the Life of St Anthony and Life of St Martin and perhaps passes to Ireland with a more developed association with colours in the work of the fifth-century Spanish author, Bachiarius. Stancliffe concludes: “Red martyrdom denotes death for Christ’s sake; white, the daily martyrdom of ascetic life; and blue the tears, hardships and fasting of the penitent” (p.44). 

    I suppose it would be fair to say that the early Irish church was distinguished more for white and blue martyrdom than for red. The majority of early Irish martyrs met with their red martyrdom in territories outside Ireland, saints like Blathmac of Iona who gave his life in the defence of the relics of Saint Columba or saints martyred on the European continent by hostile pagans, such as Killian of Würzburg or Coloman of Austria. Saint Odhran, the charioteer of Saint Patrick, is thus a very rare species indeed – the native martyr who met his death on Irish soil.

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  • The Massacre of the Innocents in Irish Sources

    The Martyrology of Oengus devotes its entire entry for December 28 to the commemoration of The Massacre of the Innocents by King Herod:
    28. Famous is their eternal acclamation,
    beyond every loveable band,
    which the little children from Bethlehem
    sing above to their Father.
    to which the scholiast has added a commentary:
    28. Famous the lasting acclamation, i.e. famous and lasting is the shout of the children who were killed in Bethlehem by Herod pro Christo.
    a loveable band, i.e. they are a dear band propter innocentiam.
    who sing above to their Father, i.e. canunt laudes, etc.
    A hundred and forty – bright fulfilment – and two thousands of children
    were slain in Bethlehem with victory by the ruler, by Herod.
    Thirty plains famous, pleasant, all about Bethlehem ;
    in every plain were slain a hundred of the pleasant children of the
    nobles ;
    a hundred and forty – sad the doom ! – in Bethlehem alone.
    The Massacre of the Innocents is also commemorated in other Irish sources, appearing, for example, in the poems of the eighth-century monastic writer Blathmac. He records in the first of his poems, in the translation of James Carney:
    20. In seeking Christ (pitiful this!) the infants of Bethlehem were slain. It was by Herod (bloodier than any prince!) that they were put to the blue sword.
    21. Happy the good gentle infants! They have happiness in an eternal kingdom: Herod, miserable creature, has eternal sorrow and eternal Hell.
    James Carney, ed. and trans., The poems of Blathmac, son of Cú Brettan: Together with the Irish Gospel of Thomas and a poem on the Virgin Mary (Dublin, 1964), 9.
    Below is the text of another poem, found in the Leabhar Breac, which reflects the raw pain of the bereaved mothers and the sheer horror of the deed:
    The Mothers’ Lament at the Slaughter of the Innocents
    Then, as she plucked her son from her
    breast for the executioner, one of the
    women said:
    ‘Why do you tear from me my darling son,
    The fruit of my womb?
    It was I who bore him, he drank my breast.
    My womb carried him about, he sucked my vitals.
    He filled my heart:
    He was my life, ’tis death to have him taken from me.
    My strength has ebbed,
    My voice is stopped,
    My eyes are blinded.’
    Then another woman said:
    ‘It is my son you take from me.
    I did not do the evil,
    But kill me — me: don’t kill my son!
    My breasts are sapless, my eyes are wet,
    My hands shake,
    My poor body totters.
    My husband has no son,
    And I no strength;
    My life is worth — death.
    Oh, my one son, my God!
    His foster-father has lost his hire.
    My birthless sicknesses with no requital until Doom.
    My breasts are silent,
    My heart is wrung.’
    Then said another woman:
    ‘Ye are seeking to kill one; ye are killing many.
    Infants ye slay, fathers ye wound; you kill the mothers.
    Hell with your deed is full, heaven shut.
    Ye have spilt the blood of guiltless innocents.’
    And yet another woman said:
    ‘O Christ, come to me!
    With my son take my soul quickly:
    O Great Mary, Mother of the Son of God,
    What shall I do without my son?
    For Thy Son, my spirit and my sense are killed.
    I am become a crazy woman for my son.
    After the piteous slaughter
    My heart’s a clot of blood
    From this day
    Till Doom comes.’
    A powerful lament, indeed.

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